Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
https://doi.org/10.62574/rmpi.v4i1.101
65
Women's participation in family businesses
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
erika.campoverde.68@est.ucacue.edu.ec
Universidad Católica de Cuenca extensión Cañar, Cañar, Cañar, Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-3101-0148
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
pruiza@ucacue.edu.ec
Universidad Católica de Cuenca extensión Cañar, Cañar, Cañar, Ecuador
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7286-7496
ABSTRACT
The objective of this research is to analyze the participation of women in family businesses
located in the city of Cañar in Ecuador. A descriptive non-experimental field study was carried out
to analyze women's participation in family businesses. In terms of gender barriers, the
encouraging 87% who do not perceive major difficulties in starting a business because they are
women point to a positive change in the perception and gradual overcoming of gender barriers in
the business environment. This result suggests an environment conducive to female
entrepreneurial development, reflecting a positive evolution towards equal opportunities.
Likewise, the 94% who do not face greater difficulties in obtaining financing due to their status as
women underscores a gradual change towards equity in access to financial resources. These
results offer an encouraging picture that supports the role and positive perception of women in
business, marking a significant advance towards building a more inclusive and equitable
environment.
Descriptors: women managers; women and development; womens participation. (Source:
UNESCO Thesaurus).
RESUMEN
La investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la participación de la mujer en los negocios
familiares ubicados en la ciudad del Cañar en el Ecuador. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo
de campo no experimental para analizar la participación de las mujeres en negocios familiares.
En cuanto a las barreras de género, el alentador 87% que no percibe mayores dificultades al
iniciar un negocio por ser mujer señala un cambio positivo en la percepción y superación gradual
de obstáculos de género en el ámbito empresarial. Este resultado sugiere un entorno propicio
para el desarrollo empresarial femenino, reflejando una evolución positiva hacia la igualdad de
oportunidades. Asimismo, el 94% que no enfrenta mayores dificultades para obtener
financiamiento debido a su condición de mujer subraya un cambio gradual hacia una equidad en
el acceso a recursos financieros. Estos resultados ofrecen un panorama alentador que respalda
el papel y la percepción positiva de las mujeres en el ámbito empresarial, marcando un avance
significativo hacia la construcción de un entorno más inclusivo y equitativo.
Descriptores: empresaria; mujer y desarrollo; participación de la mujer. (Fuente: Tesauro
UNESCO).
Received: 09/20/2023. Revised: 09/10/2023. Approved: 18/11/2023. Published: 01/01/2024.
Research articles section
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
66
INTRODUCTION
In the fascinating landscape of family businesses, where the roots of tradition intertwine with the
relentless demands of modernity, women's participation emerges as a thread of innovation and
resilience. This scientific article dives into the heart of this complex business web to decipher the
essential role women play in the management and evolution of family businesses. In a world that
embraces diversity and equality, women have moved from being mere observers in the business
arena to become architects of their own destiny within the family. However, this path to equity is
not without obstacles (Jiménez-Figueroa, & Hernández-Reveco, 2020).
Despite contemporary advances, entrenched barriers persist that limit the full flowering of female
potential. From gender biases to cultural stereotypes, these invisible forces have woven a web
that challenges women in their quest for development and recognition in the family business
sphere (Vega-Jaramillo, et al. 2018), (Muhammad, & Ximei, 2022), (Handaragama, & Kusakabe,
2021).
In this context, our article dives into a detailed analysis of female participation in family
businesses, unraveling not only the challenges they face, but also the latent opportunities that
can transform entrepreneurial dynamics. From the warmth of tradition to the cutting edge of
innovation, each woman in the family sphere brings a unique nuance, a skill set that can shape
not only the fate of the business, but also the surrounding community (Ordoñez-Abril, et al. 2021).
This study, conducted in an environment as rich and diverse as Ecuador's, seeks not only to
describe, but to understand in depth the female contribution in family businesses. Through a
mixed approach, merging quantitative and qualitative data, we seek to draw a detailed map that
sheds light on the complexity of this phenomenon. We aim not only to highlight the challenges,
but also to identify practical strategies and innovative solutions that encourage women's full
participation, not only as agents of change but also as fundamental pillars for the sustainable
growth and resilience of family businesses. Ultimately, this article is not only a report, but an
exciting exploration of how women, in the crucible of family businesses, shape the future with
boldness, creativity and determination (Garcí¬a-Carranza, et al. 2018), (Reyes-Vargas, et al.
2022).
Therefore; in Ecuador's complex economic and social fabric, women face a remarkable challenge
as they seek their place within family businesses. The ability to discover and develop unique skills,
defying barriers imposed by entrenched gender biases, becomes a crucial undertaking for these
entrepreneurs. According to research by (Flego & Ortega, 2020), despite contemporary
advances, women in family businesses still confront entrenched obstacles, from gender
discrimination to lack of educational opportunities and restrictive cultural stereotypes (de-Jesús-
Delgado-Cih, et al. 2021).
These barriers not only limit women's contribution to business growth and the improvement of the
quality of family life, but also hinder the vitality of the family businesses themselves. The
underutilization of female talent and creativity prevents these businesses from competing
effectively in an increasingly diverse and competitive business environment. Consequently, it
highlights the urgent need to address these challenges and thoroughly understand the positive
impact that female participation can have on innovation, economic growth and business
resilience. This field study, located in the picturesque city of Cañar, Ecuador, emerges as a
response to this pressing need. Through this study, we aim not only to understand the current
reality, but also to lay the groundwork for promoting gender equality, economic equity and
inclusive growth in Ecuador's vibrant family business community.
The research aims to analyze women's participation in family businesses located in the city of
Cañar in Ecuador.
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
67
METHOD
In the present research, a descriptive non-experimental field study was conducted to analyze
women's participation in family businesses. Simple random sampling was used to select 178
women currently employed in these business settings.
Data collection was carried out through the application of a structured survey, consisting of a
questionnaire-type instrument with 45 items of response alternatives on a Likert scale of five
alternatives from lowest to highest proportion. Several dimensions were explored, including
leadership, decision-making, labor participation, organizational structure and the influence of
family dynamics on the business.
To ensure the validity and reliability of the instrument, the questionnaire was subjected to a
validation process using expert judgment. In addition, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was
calculated, obtaining a result of 0.91. This validation was supported by the application of a pilot
test aimed at 20 women with similar characteristics to the study population, but who were not part
of it, thus ensuring the robustness and effectiveness of the data collection instrument.
The data obtained were organized in a database and analyzed through the application of
descriptive statistics with the support of the Microsoft Excel 365 program, being presented in
frequencies and percentages in the results section.
RESULTS
The results of the research are presented:
Figure 1. Leadership.
Source: Own elaboration.
In Figure 1, the results emerging from the surveys dedicated to assessing various aspects of
leadership in the business environment reveal an encouraging picture. Ninety-six percent of the
participants recognize and significantly value the contribution of women to the business,
highlighting their essential role. The promotion of institutional values is perceived as essential,
evidencing a deep understanding of the importance of ethics in the workplace.
The work dynamic is presented as a canvas of harmony and collaboration, where a positive
coexistence among team members is highlighted. The attention dedicated to the needs of the
personnel reflects an environment of consideration and care towards the collaborators,
highlighting the value of interpersonal relationships in this business context.
92% 93% 81%
95% 96%
3% 7% 15% 4% 3%4% 0% 4% 1% 1%0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Atiende las
necesidades del
equipo de trabajo.
Fomenta una
comunicación
asertiva en el
equipo de trabajo.
Utiliza los canales de
comunicación
adecuados.
Prioriza tareas
múltiples
Maneja tareas
múltiples.
Siempre Casi siempre Regularmente Casi nunca Nunca
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
68
In terms of communication, 81% of respondents perceive that adequate channels are used,
indicating an effective flow of information within the organization. This finding underscores the
importance of efficient communication to strengthen cohesion and understanding within the team.
In addition, it is notable that most participants prioritize and manage multiple tasks, suggesting
an exceptional ability to manage a large workload. This aspect highlights versatility and the ability
to face diverse challenges, pointing to an admirable balance in managing responsibilities. Taken
together, these results reinforce the idea that female leadership is not only appreciated, but also
contributes significantly to the positive and productive atmosphere in the business environment.
Figure 2. Decision making.
Source: Own elaboration.
In Figure 2, close examination of various aspects reveals a number of notable practices within
the business context. The search for information when facing a problem is a majority norm,
although the majority collects more information than necessary. An impressive 98% advocate
decisions that favor the business, denoting a constant commitment to continuous improvement.
Although a large part of the participants analyze the information derived from the problems, not
all of them always manage to synthesize it. This finding highlights the ability to analyze relevant
data as a prior step to decision-making, indicating meticulous consideration before any strategic
choice.
90% of those involved assess the potential impact of their decisions, suggesting a deep
awareness of the possible consequences of their actions. This reflective approach is crucial for
informed decision-making aimed at positive results.
The evaluation of causes and consequences of problems is a common practice, carried out by
an outstanding 95% of the participants. This analytical approach contributes to the proposal of
effective solutions for identified conflicts, marking a crucial step towards proactive problem
resolution.
Continuous improvement in business management stands as a fundamental pillar, underlining
the importance of adaptation and constant evolution. Ultimately, 95% support team collaboration
in solving various problems, highlighting synergy and joint work as key elements in the efficient
and effective management of the business. These results reveal not only sound decision-making
92%
54%
98% 96%
58%
6%
35%
2% 4%
31%
2% 11% 0% 0% 11%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Busca información
cuando se presenta un
problema.
Recoge información
cuando se presenta un
problema.
Promueve la toma de
decisiones más
favorables para el
negocio.
Analiza la información
derivada del problema.
Sintetiza la información
derivada del problema.
Siempre Casi siempre Regularmente Casi nunca Nunca
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
69
practices, but also a collective mindset aimed at growth and constant improvement.
Figure 3. Labor participation.
Source: Own elaboration.
In graph 3, in the area of labor participation, it is clear that the majority advocates equal
opportunities and equitable treatment, thus underlining the concern to forge a fair work
environment, where each individual enjoys the same possibilities. In terms of job performance, a
large proportion demonstrate efficiency, efficiency and effectiveness in successfully fulfilling their
job responsibilities.
93% of the participants approach their tasks in a purposeful manner, revealing initiative and a
constant willingness to implement measures that lead to improvements. Furthermore, a notable
88% take on new challenges for the benefit of the business, evidencing a willingness to face
challenges and risks in pursuit of growth and development.
For the vast majority, 98%, the perception of their significant contribution to the family economy
is undeniable. This result highlights the intrinsic connection between job performance and the
positive impact on the economic well-being of the household, thus underscoring the importance
and value of their work within family businesses. In summary, these findings reinforce the idea
that labor participation not only translates into the fulfillment of duties, but also implies an active
and purposeful contribution to the success and economic support of the family.
95% 92% 93% 91% 93% 88%
98%
4% 5% 6% 7% 5% 9% 2%1% 3% 1% 2% 2% 3% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Fomenta la
igualdad de
oportunidades y
un trato
equitativo entre
el equipo de
trabajo.
Desempeña su
cargo con
eficiencia.
Desempeña su
cargo con
eficacia.
Desempeña su
cargo con
efectividad.
Es propositivo(a)
en las actividades
que realiza.
Emprende
nuevos desafíos
para beneficio
del negocio.
Con su trabajo
aporta a la
economía
familiar.
Siempre Casi siempre Regularmente Casi nunca Nunca
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
70
Figure 4. Organizational structure.
Source: Own elaboration.
In Figure 4, detailed observation reveals that a considerable 73% of the participants do not
undergo constant training to improve the management of their businesses. This data suggests
that, for the most part, the management of these entrepreneurs follows a traditional approach,
revealing a vulnerability in updating and adopting more modern practices.
On the other hand, a substantial part of those surveyed actively encourage the fulfillment of duties
and obligations by their work team. This aspect highlights commitment and responsibility towards
the business, suggesting solid direction oriented towards optimal team performance.
Likewise, the majority manage to effectively balance family and work life, demonstrating an ability
to successfully balance their personal and professional responsibilities. This achievement reflects
not only efficient management, but also a deep understanding of the importance of harmonizing
both spheres of life, which contributes to a healthier and more equitable environment in the
workplace. In summary, these results highlight areas of opportunity in terms of continuous
training, while highlighting significant strengths in work commitment and the effective
harmonization of personal and professional life.
3% 2% 4% 17%
73%
98%
2% 0% 0% 0%
95%
3% 2% 0% 0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Siempre Casi siempre Regularmente Casi nunca Nunca
Se capacita constatamente para la correcta administración de su negocio.
Promueve el cumplimiento de deberes y obligaciones de su equipo de trabajo.
Concilio la vida familiar con la vida laboral de forma efectiva.
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
71
Figure 5. Influence of family dynamics on the business.
Source: Own elaboration.
In graph 5, based on the exhaustive data collection, it is revealed that a solid 93% of the
participants advocate family commitment, indicating active involvement of the family in operations
and decisions related to the business. This figure highlights the importance of family integration
in business management, underscoring a collaborative approach and an environment where
decisions are made considering the perspectives and contributions of family members.
Furthermore, a significant proportion hold the belief that a business led by women is more
profitable. This perception reflects confidence in the ability and potential of women to successfully
lead a business, challenging stereotypes and highlighting the entrepreneurial vision of the women
surveyed.
Regarding gender barriers in entrepreneurship, an encouraging 87% consider that they did not
encounter major difficulties when starting their business because they were a woman. This data
suggests a positive perception and a favorable environment for female business development,
indicating the gradual overcoming of gender obstacles in the business field.
Likewise, 94% affirm that they do not face major difficulties in obtaining financing due to their
status as women. This positive perception signals a gradual change in equal opportunities in
access to financial resources, suggesting a positive evolution towards a more equitable
environment for female entrepreneurs. In summary, these results offer an encouraging picture
that supports the role and positive perception of women in business.
DISCUSSION
The transformation of the labor landscape with the growing participation of women has marked a
significant milestone in global economic development. This trend reveals a positive correlation
between female integration in the workplace and various economic indicators, such as higher
female participation rates, increased income, decreased poverty and inequality. This transition,
93%
5% 2% 0% 0%
96%
3% 1% 0% 0%0% 0% 4% 9%
87%
0% 0% 1% 4%
94%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Siempre Casi siempre Regularmente Casi nunca Nunca
Fomenta el compromiso familiar en el negocio.
Considera que un negocio manejado por mujeres es más rentable.
Considera que le fue más dificil iniciar su negocio por ser mujer.
Considera que conseguir financiamiento para su negocio se dificulta más por el hecho de ser mujer.
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
72
highlighted by (Castañeda-Abascal, & Díaz-Bernal, 2020), promotes a gender balance in the
economically active population and promotes a structural change in the economy, generating
positive impacts both at the individual level and for society as a whole. set.
However; (Diaz-Dumont, & Ledesma-Cuadros, 2022), warn that, despite this progress, Latin
America and the Caribbean face political, economic, social and cultural challenges that hinder the
achievement of gender equality. To overcome these barriers, (Goren, 2017) highlights the
imperative need to propose regulations and policies that promote the equitable participation of
women, simultaneously addressing critical areas such as health, education, social protection and
access to the financial system.
In the Ecuadorian context, significant progress towards gender equality has been observed.
Multiple studies support the notion that the increase in women's labor participation contributes
positively to the country's economic development and growth. The initiatives and practices
implemented by different organizations have been key to promoting equality, strengthening the
institutionalization and mainstreaming of gender (Useche-Aguirre, et al. 2021), a concrete
example of this impulse is the creation of the Regulations to the Organic Law of Entrepreneurship
and Innovation by the Ecuadorian Government, a measure aimed at improving the panorama of
entrepreneurship.
Leadership, essential for business success, has experienced a significant evolution (Chaman, et
al. 2021), highlighting the growth in the training of new generations of entrepreneurial women,
who now seek a greater presence in senior management positions, for Therefore, the crucial role
of women entrepreneurs in economic and social growth, generating employment and promoting
business innovation.
The study in Ecuador carried out by (Enderica-Armijos, et al., 2018), reveals that family
businesses, being a pillar of progress, present differences in productivity between the smallest
and the largest. However, its stability over time reflects adequate management of its activities.
The municipality of Cañar, aware of the importance of strengthening the role of women, has
implemented social projects in collaboration with UN Women. These projects focus on generating
public policies, conserving natural resources and improving knowledge to guarantee economic
and social sustainability. This comprehensive approach seeks to promote the full potential of
women and girls in the canton.
The leadership section, essential for business development, highlights the importance of having
leaders capable of positively influencing their teams, considering that leadership not only
translates into obtaining profits, but also in the development of talent, personal qualities and
experience. (Mandujano-Rubio, & Castañeda-Rayas, 2022). In historical retrospect, women have
faced challenges in their recognition and participation in various fields. However, her contribution
has been transcendental in the education of future leaders and in the transmission of fundamental
values for business sustainability, the increasingly important role of women in the business field,
evolving towards a more fair and equitable participation. . Women, by leading with an instinct for
unity and emotional balance, play crucial roles in the company, transmitting values, training the
next generation and being emotional leaders. Her contribution goes beyond business
management, encompassing the very essence of society and the economy.
Therefore; Women's participation in business and family businesses has experienced progressive
growth, generating positive impacts on economic and social development. Ecuador, as an
example, has implemented measures and regulations to promote gender equality and strengthen
the role of women in society. Female leadership, motivation and the contribution of women at
different levels are determining factors for the success and sustainability of companies. Women,
throughout history, have overcome barriers and contributed significantly to society, and their role
in the business world continues to evolve towards a more fair and equitable participation.
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
73
CONCLUSIONS
The results obtained from the surveys focused on evaluating the different aspects of leadership
in the business context outline an encouraging and promising scenario. The notable appreciation
of 96% of participants towards the contribution of women underlines the essential importance
they play in the business, consolidating their role as key agents in the work dynamic. These results
strengthen the premise that female leadership is not only valued, but also contributes substantially
to the construction and maintenance of a positive and highly productive business environment.
These data support the idea that the active inclusion of women in leadership roles is not only
beneficial for gender equality, but also enriches work dynamics and contributes to the sustainable
success of the company.
The deep awareness of the potential impact of decisions, supported by 90% of participants,
reveals a reflective mindset essential for informed decision-making and oriented towards positive
results. The common practice of evaluating causes and consequences of problems, carried out
by an outstanding 95% of participants, highlights an analytical approach that contributes
significantly to the proposal of effective solutions to conflicts, thus marking a crucial step towards
proactive resolution. from problems. The importance of continuous improvement in business
management stands out as a fundamental pillar, emphasizing the need for adaptation and
constant evolution to stay at the forefront. Ultimately, the 95% support for team collaboration in
problem solving highlights synergy and joint work as key elements in efficient and effective
business management. These results not only reveal solid decision-making practices, but also a
collective mindset oriented toward growth and constant improvement, thus consolidating a
business approach rooted in excellence and continuous evolution.
The initiative and constant willingness to implement improvements are evident in 93% of the
participants, highlighting a proactive attitude and a willingness to face challenges with the aim of
promoting the growth and development of the business. Likewise, 88% demonstrate a willingness
to take on new challenges, indicating a willingness to face challenges and risks in search of
continuous progress. For the vast majority, a resounding 98%, the perception of their significant
contribution to the family economy highlights the intrinsic connection between work performance
and the positive impact on the household's economic well-being. These findings consolidate the
idea that labor participation not only implies the fulfillment of duties, but also an active and
purposeful contribution to the success and economic support of the family. In summary, the
results reveal labor participation rooted in values of equity, efficiency and commitment, essential
for the flourishing of family businesses.
The detailed analysis of the results reveals a mixed scenario in the field of business management.
The notable 73% of participants who do not undergo ongoing training indicates a prevalence of
traditional approaches in business management, revealing a pressing need to update and adopt
more modern practices to strengthen business resilience. On the other hand, the substantial part
of respondents who actively promote the fulfillment of duties and obligations by their team
highlights a deep-rooted commitment and responsibility towards the business. This strong
guidance suggests effective leadership and direction focused on optimal team performance,
critical factors for long-term success. Likewise, the majority achieve an effective balance between
family and work life, demonstrating an exceptional ability to successfully balance personal and
professional responsibilities. This achievement not only reflects efficient management, but also a
deep understanding of the importance of maintaining a balance, contributing to a healthier and
more equitable work environment.
Detailed analysis of the data reveals an optimistic outlook in the business environment,
highlighting the importance of family commitment in business management, with a solid 93% of
participants advocating this perspective. This finding underscores a collaborative approach where
the family plays an active role in business operations and decisions, creating an environment
where diverse family perspectives and contributions are comprehensively considered.
Furthermore, the significant proportion that holds a belief in the profitability of businesses led by
women (88%) demonstrates solid confidence in the entrepreneurial capacity and potential of
women, challenging prejudices and highlighting their business vision.
Revista Multidisciplinaria Perspectivas Investigativas
Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
Vol. 4(1), 65-76, 2024
Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
74
Regarding gender barriers, the encouraging 87% who do not perceive greater difficulties when
starting a business because they are women points to a positive change in the perception and
gradual overcoming of gender obstacles in the business environment. This result suggests an
environment conducive to female business development, reflecting a positive evolution towards
equal opportunities. Likewise, the 94% who do not face major difficulties in obtaining financing
due to their status as women underline a gradual change towards equity in access to financial
resources. These results offer an encouraging outlook that supports the role and positive
perception of women in the business environment, marking significant progress towards building
a more inclusive and equitable environment.
AUTHORSHIP CONTRIBUTION
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa played a crucial role in leading the comprehensive
conceptual development and conducting a comprehensive literature review. Her outstanding
contribution encompassed the precise identification and definition of the research objectives, as
well as the construction of a theoretical framework that solidly contextualized the study. In
addition, she had an active role in the design of the quantitative methodology, collaborating in the
creation of the sampling strategy, the development of the questionnaire for the survey, and the
strategic planning of data collection. She masterfully supervised and executed the statistical
analysis of the collected data, including interpretation of the results by preparing representative
tables and graphs. On the other hand, Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado made significant
contributions to the formulation of the problem and the justification of the study. She actively
participated in defining the research objectives, highlighting the importance of the work in the
scientific and practical context. Her approach focused on performing a critical analysis of the
results obtained in relation to the existing literature. Furthermore, she contributed prominently to
the development of arguments and the discussion of the practical and theoretical implications of
the findings. Her key role was evident in the synthesis and writing of the final conclusions of the
study. Both authors, Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa and Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado,
collaborated equally and complementary in the writing and critical revision of the entire
manuscript. Their cooperation not only ensured the coherence and quality of the scientific article
presented, but also demonstrated a shared commitment to academic excellence.
FINANCING
Non-monetary
INTEREST CONFLICT
There is no conflict of interest with people or institutions linked to the research.
THANKS
To the women who undertake to improve themselves every day.
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Multidisciplinary Journal Investigative Perspectives
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Participación de la mujer en negocios familiares
Women's participation in family businesses
Erika Celeste Campoverde-Ochoa
Priscila Isabel Ruiz-Alvarado
75
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